This is another post from Taichi Kono, author of two textbooks on TOEFL and one on TOEIC and a highly experienced TOEFL, TOEIC, and GMAT instructor. Most of his posts will be in Japanese. This post is on GMAT sentence correction. His other posts can be found here.
-Adam
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
河野塾代表の河野太一です。年来の友人であるAdam Markusさんのご厚意で、"The Official Guide for GMAT Review, 12th Edition"の解説ブログの内容の一部をこちらにアップさせていただくことになりました。オリジナルは河野太一のGMAT OG12解説でご覧いただけます。なお、オリジナルのほうは予告なく内容を変更することがあり、ここに上げたものと相違があることがありますのでご了承ください。私のこれまでの記事やGMAT以外の話題についてはこちらをご覧ください。
SC22
None of the attempts ... (S) ... explains (V) ... が主節。andを挟んでwhy節が2つ並び、explainsの目的語となっている。後半のwhy節とandの間に副詞を挟んでいる。
下線部を見ると、haveの後ろに省略があることが想定できる。haveの後ろを省略するのであれば、前にもhaveがなければならない。このhaveは why節の中で働いているから、前のwhy節の動詞を見ればよい。ちなみにexposedはmany of thoseに後置のdone形容詞としてかかっており、それに副詞のnotとsoがくっついている。したがってこのnotはhaveとは関係なし。many of thoseはmany of those peopleの省略と考えればよい。
why節を見ると動詞はdo not commitとなっているので、(D)が正解。converselyが対比を示すマーカーの働きをしており、意味上、前がdoだったらdo notにするなどの考慮をしなければならないところだったが、選択肢にdoを含むものが1つしかないので、それすら考えなくてよいという、簡単な問題であった。
-河野太一
河野塾ではTOEFL/IELTS/GMATの個人授業を提供しております。なかなかスコアが上がらずにお悩みの方、きめの細かい効果的な個人指導をお求めの方は、ぜひinfo@konojuku.comまでお気軽にお問い合わせください。
February 19, 2011
STERN IN TOKYO:【留学希望者向け】 3/17 スターン在校生による学校説明会
UPDATE 3/15: THIS EVENT HAS BEEN CANCELED DUE TO THE EARTHQUAKE.
A current student at Stern asked me to share this with applicants and potential future applicants. During their Japan Trek, Stern MBA students will be holding an information session in Tokyo for applicants:
A current student at Stern asked me to share this with applicants and potential future applicants. During their Japan Trek, Stern MBA students will be holding an information session in Tokyo for applicants:
"This event is open to all kinds of people:
- people who have already applied and want to get more info for the coming interview
- people who have decided to apply to business schools who wants to know more about the Stern program
- people who are planning to apply in the future but who wants to get more general info about MBA or Stern
- people who have decided to apply to business schools who wants to know more about the Stern program
- people who are planning to apply in the future but who wants to get more general info about MBA or Stern
The session covers a brief introduction about what life at business school is (in general), what life at NY is, and what Stern is. We are planning a presentation, panel session, and a Q&A/networking session in this event, and these will all be run by the current students (around 20 people)."
I think this will be a great opportunity to meet a diverse group of Stern students. See below in Japanese and English.
-Adam
当日は在校生20名程度が参加して、学校紹介プレゼンテーション、パネルディスカッション、Q&Aセッション、各自質問ができるフリータイムのプログラムを予定しています。また、日本在住の卒業生も参加予定ですので、卒業後のキャリアなどの質問も可能です。
日時：2011年3月17日（木） 18:00-20:00（予定）
場所：ベルサール八重洲
東京都中央区八重洲1-3-7 八重洲ファーストフィナンシャルビル 03-3548-3770
参加希望者は sternjapan@gmail.com まで題名を「学校説明会参加希望」にてご連絡ください。
みなさまのご参加をお待ちしております。
在校生HPも御覧ください
January 21, 2011
Further Comments on MBA Admissions Interviews
As a follow-up to my primary posts (See here and here) on MBA admissions interviewing, I just wanted to briefly discuss a few additional topics.
The role of the resume in interviews
I think it is worth remembering that the resume plays a significant role in most MBA admissions interviews as it is typically the only document that the interviewer has. As such it serves form main functions:
A First Impression: Most interviewers will have your resume even before they meet you. For resume-only interviews, it really is their first impression of you. Make sure your resume is really designed for ease of use by the interviewer. One of my objectives when helping a client with a resume is always to focus on how effective the resume is for this purpose.
Agenda Setting Device: To a greater or lesser extent, a resume has an agenda setting function in many interviews. While schools will provide interviewers with varying levels of guidance about what questions to ask, the resume may very well form the basis for some of the questions that you receive. In fact, even in MIT’s behavioral interview, it is often the case that at least a few questions arise directly from resume content.
Booby Trap: The resume can blow-up in your face if you are not careful. Failure to review your own resume closely prior to interviewing can put you in an awkward position if you are not fully prepared to discuss everything on it.
Your Main Depository of Past Experience Answers: Since you have presumably highlighted many of the key things you would actually want to discuss on your resume, it is in essence, a primary source for your answers to past experience questions. Especially when I working with a client with limited English ability, I will tell them to practice explaining “Who What Why How When” questions related to their resume.
In addition, since you might get asked to “Tell me something about yourself that is not covered on your resume,” you can use the resume to figure out what that would be.
Interviewing with multiple admissions counselors
Depending on my client’s interview ability, budget and time, I have often advised him or her to do practice with multiple counselors in order to experience mock interviews with someone they did not know well and to get additional feedback. In my own case, I have been referring my clients to Steve Green (guest blogger and colleague since 2001) and Vince Ricci (my colleague since 2002) for the past several years. Both provide great advice and have significantly improved the admission outcome for many applicants.
By the way, Vince has a great blog related to MBA interviews, please see http://mbainterviews.blogspot.com/. I especially like his video post of a mock Kellogg interview with a former client: http://mbainterviews.blogspot.com/2010/07/sampleinterviews.html.
If you have read my school specific reports on interview preparation, Steve is the one who has typically collected the questions that I include. You can find links to the school specific posts at the top of my blog.
Don’t Burnout Yet!
One thing I have noticed from working as an admissions consultant for over ten years is that clients frequently burnout by the time they get to interviewing. The process can be a very exhausting one, so by the time most of my clients get to interview preparation, I know they are tired, but it is critical to focus on this last part of the process with as much as intensity as they can. So every hour you put into preparation really will help when it comes to succeeding in the interview. So don’t burnout yet! Wait till you are admitted!
The role of the resume in interviews
I think it is worth remembering that the resume plays a significant role in most MBA admissions interviews as it is typically the only document that the interviewer has. As such it serves form main functions:
A First Impression: Most interviewers will have your resume even before they meet you. For resume-only interviews, it really is their first impression of you. Make sure your resume is really designed for ease of use by the interviewer. One of my objectives when helping a client with a resume is always to focus on how effective the resume is for this purpose.
Agenda Setting Device: To a greater or lesser extent, a resume has an agenda setting function in many interviews. While schools will provide interviewers with varying levels of guidance about what questions to ask, the resume may very well form the basis for some of the questions that you receive. In fact, even in MIT’s behavioral interview, it is often the case that at least a few questions arise directly from resume content.
Booby Trap: The resume can blow-up in your face if you are not careful. Failure to review your own resume closely prior to interviewing can put you in an awkward position if you are not fully prepared to discuss everything on it.
Your Main Depository of Past Experience Answers: Since you have presumably highlighted many of the key things you would actually want to discuss on your resume, it is in essence, a primary source for your answers to past experience questions. Especially when I working with a client with limited English ability, I will tell them to practice explaining “Who What Why How When” questions related to their resume.
In addition, since you might get asked to “Tell me something about yourself that is not covered on your resume,” you can use the resume to figure out what that would be.
Interviewing with multiple admissions counselors
Depending on my client’s interview ability, budget and time, I have often advised him or her to do practice with multiple counselors in order to experience mock interviews with someone they did not know well and to get additional feedback. In my own case, I have been referring my clients to Steve Green (guest blogger and colleague since 2001) and Vince Ricci (my colleague since 2002) for the past several years. Both provide great advice and have significantly improved the admission outcome for many applicants.
By the way, Vince has a great blog related to MBA interviews, please see http://mbainterviews.blogspot.com/. I especially like his video post of a mock Kellogg interview with a former client: http://mbainterviews.blogspot.com/2010/07/sampleinterviews.html.
If you have read my school specific reports on interview preparation, Steve is the one who has typically collected the questions that I include. You can find links to the school specific posts at the top of my blog.
Don’t Burnout Yet!
One thing I have noticed from working as an admissions consultant for over ten years is that clients frequently burnout by the time they get to interviewing. The process can be a very exhausting one, so by the time most of my clients get to interview preparation, I know they are tired, but it is critical to focus on this last part of the process with as much as intensity as they can. So every hour you put into preparation really will help when it comes to succeeding in the interview. So don’t burnout yet! Wait till you are admitted!
If you are interested in my interview preparation or other graduate admission consulting services, please click here. Questions? Write comments, but do not send me emails asking me to advise you on your application strategy unless you are interested in my consulting services. Please see my FAQ regarding the types of questions I will respond to. Before emailing me questions about your chances for admission or personal profile, please see my recent post on "Why I don't analyze profiles without consulting with the applicant."
-Adam Markus
アダム マーカス
ビジネススクール カウンセリング コンサルティング MBA留学 インタビュー 面接
January 12, 2011
Interview Practice is ABOUT SPEAKING!
You should probably read my post, Overall MBA Application Interview Strategy, before reading this post.
Clients frequently ask me how they should prepare for interviews. As I suggest in my post on Overall MBA Application Interview Strategy, I believe in a proactive approach to interview preparation based on actual practice of your key stories. You might not know exactly what questions you will be asked, but you can generally have a pretty good idea about that by reviewing interview reports.
DON'T CONFUSE WRITING AND SPEAKING
I view any actual writing of notes and scripts as interview preparation, but not as practice. Some people confuse the two. DON'T SPEND TOO MUCH WRITING NOTES OR READING QUESTIONS AND NOT ENOUGH TIME SPEAKING AND PERFORMING. I have watched clients crash and burn when trying to deliver their essays or some long monologue that they wrote out because they were too focused on writing. Speaking is speaking. Writing is writing. You cannot communicate in the same way in an essay as you would when talking with another person.
INTERVIEW PREPARATION
I recommend identifying key words and stories that you will use, but I don't necessarily recommend preparing any sort of script. A very simple outline like the following is all I really suggest:
Key Strength Word or Phrase: Imaginative
Stories: (1) Undergraduate Thesis prize (2) Recent work story about Project X.
Key Weakness Word or Phrase: Too cautious
Stories: (1) Failed to see full benefits of using a more aggressive solution for Project X and (2) Too concerned with risk management issues on Project Z
That is the whole basic outline I would suggest you prepare. The rest is performance.
If you are preparing for MIT or Wharton behavioral interviews, I would suggest making some simple STAR (Situation Task Action Result) outlines. For example:
Team Story 1: Project X
S: Harry was not cooperating with the rest of the team on Project X.
T: My job was get the team to work together because Project X really required everyone to participate. Harry was important because of his technical skills.
A: In order to get Harry to cooperate I.. (ACTION 1) first talked with him privately to better understand his perspective. Next (ACTION 2) I talked with the rest of team to try and make an adjustment so that Harry would feel more comfortable. Finally (ACTION 3) Established information sharing sessions so that everyone understood what needed to be done and how our work fit together.
R: Project X succeeded.
Now, when you actually practice the above for a behavioral interview, you would need to flesh out the story and provide more details. If you have outlined a STAR story, you have not practiced it yet. The only reason to outline STAR stories is if you cannot systematically turn any spoken story into STAR automatically. Actually once you start using STAR, chances are that you will not need any outlines. STAR is actually a highly intuitive way to tell stories and useful for telling stories in any situation.
THE MAP IS NOT THE TERRITORY
Clients often want me to read their interview preparation notes. I usually refuse because I think it is a total waste of their money to have me do that. I believe such outlines are useful for the person doing the preparation, but all I can really evaluate is their performance. If I have a client with a TOEFL under 100, I might review their scripts because given that they may lack basic English vocabulary for effectively telling their stories. This is not case with the vast majority of my clients, even those with TOEFL scores at the 100 level.
An outline is a map, but in the case of an interview it is really lousy map because an interview is all about performance, the territory. You can have the best stories in the world, but if you can't deliver them effectively, you are dead.
ACTUAL PRACTICE
Depending on your communication skills, available time, and comfort with interviews you may need days or weeks or months to be at your best. Whatever amount of practice you think you need, try to actually do more than that. One of my clients who had already been admitted to two top schools, did 50 hours of practice on his own to get ready for HBS. He was successful because he put in enough time actually speaking the answers to many common questions that he could feel comfortable and confident. He did just a couple of hours of interview practice with me and one of my colleagues. He was admitted to HBS. I wish all my clients followed this example of extensive self-practice. While the exact ratio of counseling hours (strategy sessions focused on developing good answers and mock interviews) to self-study will vary, I think somewhere between a 1:5 and 1:20 ratio is ideal. I am always depressed when a client only does interview practice during sessions with me and then does no practice by themselves because I know they are not maximizing their performance.
Like a great musician or actor, you need to internalize your script/notes/outline to perform it effectively. I can best help a client by judging that performance. Something could look great or horrible on paper, but very much the reverse when actually performed.
How to practice:
1. Speak. Doing it in your head is not enough. Actually perform to the hardest audience you will ever encounter: yourself.
2. Record yourself and listen and/or view the results. Note problems and practice more.
3. Speak in front of other people who can give you feedback. Even if you are using a consultant try to practice in front of other people. This will help make you comfortable having an audience.
4. Have school specific mock sessions, either with a admissions consultant or someone who can at least ask you the questions.
I know that what I am suggesting might be burdensome and time consuming, but so what? The whole application is like that. And at least with interview practice, you might actually become better at telling stories (Good for making friends!) and interviewing for jobs.
-Adam Markus
Clients frequently ask me how they should prepare for interviews. As I suggest in my post on Overall MBA Application Interview Strategy, I believe in a proactive approach to interview preparation based on actual practice of your key stories. You might not know exactly what questions you will be asked, but you can generally have a pretty good idea about that by reviewing interview reports.
DON'T CONFUSE WRITING AND SPEAKING
I view any actual writing of notes and scripts as interview preparation, but not as practice. Some people confuse the two. DON'T SPEND TOO MUCH WRITING NOTES OR READING QUESTIONS AND NOT ENOUGH TIME SPEAKING AND PERFORMING. I have watched clients crash and burn when trying to deliver their essays or some long monologue that they wrote out because they were too focused on writing. Speaking is speaking. Writing is writing. You cannot communicate in the same way in an essay as you would when talking with another person.
INTERVIEW PREPARATION
I recommend identifying key words and stories that you will use, but I don't necessarily recommend preparing any sort of script. A very simple outline like the following is all I really suggest:
Key Strength Word or Phrase: Imaginative
Stories: (1) Undergraduate Thesis prize (2) Recent work story about Project X.
Key Weakness Word or Phrase: Too cautious
Stories: (1) Failed to see full benefits of using a more aggressive solution for Project X and (2) Too concerned with risk management issues on Project Z
That is the whole basic outline I would suggest you prepare. The rest is performance.
If you are preparing for MIT or Wharton behavioral interviews, I would suggest making some simple STAR (Situation Task Action Result) outlines. For example:
Team Story 1: Project X
S: Harry was not cooperating with the rest of the team on Project X.
T: My job was get the team to work together because Project X really required everyone to participate. Harry was important because of his technical skills.
A: In order to get Harry to cooperate I.. (ACTION 1) first talked with him privately to better understand his perspective. Next (ACTION 2) I talked with the rest of team to try and make an adjustment so that Harry would feel more comfortable. Finally (ACTION 3) Established information sharing sessions so that everyone understood what needed to be done and how our work fit together.
R: Project X succeeded.
Now, when you actually practice the above for a behavioral interview, you would need to flesh out the story and provide more details. If you have outlined a STAR story, you have not practiced it yet. The only reason to outline STAR stories is if you cannot systematically turn any spoken story into STAR automatically. Actually once you start using STAR, chances are that you will not need any outlines. STAR is actually a highly intuitive way to tell stories and useful for telling stories in any situation.
THE MAP IS NOT THE TERRITORY
Clients often want me to read their interview preparation notes. I usually refuse because I think it is a total waste of their money to have me do that. I believe such outlines are useful for the person doing the preparation, but all I can really evaluate is their performance. If I have a client with a TOEFL under 100, I might review their scripts because given that they may lack basic English vocabulary for effectively telling their stories. This is not case with the vast majority of my clients, even those with TOEFL scores at the 100 level.
An outline is a map, but in the case of an interview it is really lousy map because an interview is all about performance, the territory. You can have the best stories in the world, but if you can't deliver them effectively, you are dead.
ACTUAL PRACTICE
Depending on your communication skills, available time, and comfort with interviews you may need days or weeks or months to be at your best. Whatever amount of practice you think you need, try to actually do more than that. One of my clients who had already been admitted to two top schools, did 50 hours of practice on his own to get ready for HBS. He was successful because he put in enough time actually speaking the answers to many common questions that he could feel comfortable and confident. He did just a couple of hours of interview practice with me and one of my colleagues. He was admitted to HBS. I wish all my clients followed this example of extensive self-practice. While the exact ratio of counseling hours (strategy sessions focused on developing good answers and mock interviews) to self-study will vary, I think somewhere between a 1:5 and 1:20 ratio is ideal. I am always depressed when a client only does interview practice during sessions with me and then does no practice by themselves because I know they are not maximizing their performance.
Like a great musician or actor, you need to internalize your script/notes/outline to perform it effectively. I can best help a client by judging that performance. Something could look great or horrible on paper, but very much the reverse when actually performed.
How to practice:
1. Speak. Doing it in your head is not enough. Actually perform to the hardest audience you will ever encounter: yourself.
2. Record yourself and listen and/or view the results. Note problems and practice more.
3. Speak in front of other people who can give you feedback. Even if you are using a consultant try to practice in front of other people. This will help make you comfortable having an audience.
4. Have school specific mock sessions, either with a admissions consultant or someone who can at least ask you the questions.
I know that what I am suggesting might be burdensome and time consuming, but so what? The whole application is like that. And at least with interview practice, you might actually become better at telling stories (Good for making friends!) and interviewing for jobs.
-Adam Markus
I am a graduate admissions consultant who works with clients worldwide. If you would like to arrange an initial consultation, please complete my intake form. Please don't email me any essays, other admissions consultant's intake forms, your life story, or any long email asking for a written profile assessment. The only profiles I assess are those with people who I offer initial consultations to. Please note that initial consultations are not offered when I have reached full capacity or when I determine that I am not a good fit with an applicant.
January 01, 2011
Happy 2011! Some thoughts on 2010
Happy New Year!
Now that 2010 is dead and buried, here are few thoughts from an admissions consultant taking a writing break from reading his clients stuff.
2010 Regrets:
1. Sorry I did not get a Chicago Essay post up. My bad. I just ran out of time.
2. Not as many posts on school selection as I would have liked.
3. Not as posts on MBA rankings.
4. The fact that I did nothing about making the blog look better. I am lazy in this regard.
5. Not as many posts as I wanted to get up, but my clients just kept me too busy!
2010 Milestones:
1. GMAT Sentence Correction posts for Japanese readers by published author, Taichi Kono.
2. Webinar on Reapplication with the support of my long-time colleague, Vince Ricci.
3. I started writing about MBA recommendations this November. It has been a topic that I had wanted to handle, but for a variety reasons had not. There will be more.
4. I had more clients admitted into INSEAD, Stanford, and MIT than I ever have before.
5. My client-base has come to fully reflect the diverse national origin of my blog's readership, which was a core goal I had established when I starting writing my blog in
2007. It has been a real pleasure working with a diverse and amazing individuals.
I want to personally thank each of my readers for taking the time to read my posts.
Cheers,
Adam
Now that 2010 is dead and buried, here are few thoughts from an admissions consultant taking a writing break from reading his clients stuff.
2010 Regrets:
1. Sorry I did not get a Chicago Essay post up. My bad. I just ran out of time.
2. Not as many posts on school selection as I would have liked.
3. Not as posts on MBA rankings.
4. The fact that I did nothing about making the blog look better. I am lazy in this regard.
5. Not as many posts as I wanted to get up, but my clients just kept me too busy!
2010 Milestones:
1. GMAT Sentence Correction posts for Japanese readers by published author, Taichi Kono.
2. Webinar on Reapplication with the support of my long-time colleague, Vince Ricci.
3. I started writing about MBA recommendations this November. It has been a topic that I had wanted to handle, but for a variety reasons had not. There will be more.
4. I had more clients admitted into INSEAD, Stanford, and MIT than I ever have before.
5. My client-base has come to fully reflect the diverse national origin of my blog's readership, which was a core goal I had established when I starting writing my blog in
2007. It has been a real pleasure working with a diverse and amazing individuals.
I want to personally thank each of my readers for taking the time to read my posts.
Cheers,
Adam
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