Stanford GSB Class of 2016 Essays & Recs just announced

For my Class of 2016 Stanford GSB analysis see these five posts on overall comments, Essay 1, Essay 2, Essay 3, and additional information/resume/employment history/activities. My analysis of Stanford GSB interviews can be found here.


Stanford GSB Admissions on the new application:
“The big news about essay questions for application to the Class of 2016 is that there is no news. Last year, we reduced the number of essays from four to three, and increased the suggested word count in one of the essays. This worked really well, so essay questions are remaining the same as last year.
Bigger changes are taking place in the Letters of Reference requirements. We are streamlining the questions we ask your recommenders—merging two questions on the professional recommendation, and making the last peer question optional. We honed our questions to garner the most essential information needed to evaluate your application. This way, we ask only for what we need and your recommenders' time is well spent.
One other small change to the application: Last year we added a "Just for Fun" question that asked what your favorite food is. We found this made the admission readers hungry, so this year we're asking what your favorite place is instead.”

What this means is my essay analysis from last year for Stanford GSB still applies, but the recs have changed. See my overall comments post on Stanford here which links to entire series for Fall 2013 entry. I will update it all very soon, but if you want to writing your essays for Fall 2014 entry, here are the questions with hyperlinked to my relevant posts:


Essay 1: What matters most to you, and why?

Essay 2: What do you want to do—REALLY—and why Stanford?

Essay 3: Answer one of the three questions below. Tell us not only what you did but also how you did it. What was the outcome? How did people respond? Only describe experiences that have occurred during the last three years.

• Option A: Tell us about a time in the last three years when you built or developed a team whose performance exceeded expectations.
• Option B: Tell us about a time in the last three years when you identified and pursued an opportunity to improve an organization.
• Option C: Tell us about a time in the last three years when you went beyond what was defined or established.

-Adam Markus

I am a graduate admissions consultant who works with clients worldwide. If you would like to arrange an initial consultation, please complete my intake form. Please don't email me any essays, other admissions consultant's intake forms, your life story, or any long email asking for a written profile assessment. The only profiles I assess are those with people who I offer initial consultations to. Please note that initial consultations are not offered when I have reached full capacity or when I determine that I am not a good fit with an applicant.

Columbia MBA Essays for January and August 2014 Admission

Columbia Business School has again changed their MBA application essay set.   Those applying for January and August 2014 entry will find that they are likely to spend as much time thinking about how to answer Columbia's essay questions as answering them.  Given the limited space applicants will have to work with, coming up with answers that stand out is critical.  As has been the trend at other top US programs since last year, applicants for the J-term Class of 2015 and Class of 2016 to CBS will have to write less than those who applied last year.

You can find testimonials from my clients admitted for CBS here. In the last application cycle, for the Class of 2015, I had a total six clients admitted. Since 2007, when I established my own consultancy, (I have been an MBA admissions consultant since 2001) I have been fortunate to work with 22 clients admitted to Columbia Business School for either January or August admission.

Before discussing the essays, I will discuss who J-Term is for and differences between ED and RD. For my analysis of recommendations for 2014 admission, please see here. For my analysis of Columbia Business School application interviews, please see here.

J-Term

The Accelerated MBA, J-Term, can be a great program for those who don't need an internship. All my admitted J-term clients have one thing in common: Real clarity about their goals and strong track records in their professions. J-term is not for career changers, it is those looking to enhance their position within their present career trajectory and/or entrepreneurs. It is critical that you explain why the January Term program is right for you. According to the Columbia website: The primary requirement for the January term is that you do not feel you need an internship. This tends to attract students who wish to remain in the same industry (including sponsored students), entrepreneurs, and students in family businesses. The program is designed for those students who do not want or need an internship. The principal advantage of the 16-month program is its accelerated format, which allows members of the smaller January class to network quickly and effectively and return to the workplace sooner. You need to make the case in Essay 1 (Goals essay) and/or the Optional Essay that you meet the special criteria for this program and that an internship is not something critical for you. For those who don't need an internship, this is really a great program.

Here are some common issues that arise when considering J-term:

Is J-term easier to get into than August entry? There is much speculation on this issue, but no admissions data. All I know for sure is that relatively late application to J-term has not prevented my clients from being admitted, whereas late application to RD can be be a real problem simply from a seat availability perspective. In one way, J-term is clearly easier: Unlike an August entry RD and (and to a lesser extent ED) applicant, someone applying to Columbia J-term can really be assumed to prefer Columbia over all alternatives. This can make interviews a bit easier in the sense that August entry Columbia alumni interviewers are notorious for being particularly agressive at determining whether the interviewee's first choice is really Columbia. Since J-term has no real US rival, this topic can be easily dispensed with.

Alternatives to J-term: There are no US alternatives to J-term worth mentioning if someone wants a January start. Kellogg and Cornell offer one year MBAs, but I don't think anyone at Columbia really sees these as clear alternatives yet and I have not had any clients who applied to J-term and US one-year programs. I have had clients who apply to J-term and IMD and/or INSEAD. Both IMD and INSEAD have January entry. Still J-term is an incredibly different program in terms of length and content from either of these top European programs. LBS, which does not have a January start, would also be another alternative to CBS in the sense that it can be completed on an accelerated basis. Still I don't have many clients who apply to both CBS J-term and LBS and as is generally the case with US schools, I don't think they pay much attention to non-US programs as competitors.

Can an August entry applicant reapply to J-term? Yes! You could be rejected from ED or RD for August 2013 entry and reapply for January 2014 entry. If you entered in January 2014, you would graduate in the Class of 2015 with those who entered in August 2013. I have worked with a couple of reapplicants who were admitted to J-term after being dinged from the August entry for that same graduating class. The key issue is explaining why J-term is now a better choice.


August Entry: ED Versus RD
Applying for Early Decision (ED) is ideal for anyone who considers Columbia to be their first choice and is ready by the application deadline of October 2nd. Columbia takes ED very seriously, so I suggest you do as well. CBS ED really is unique among top MBA programs and the decision to commit to it should not be taken lightly. Every year many applicants to Columbia Business School have to deeply consider whether to apply to the Early Decision or the regular application round.
Among top MBA programs Columbia's Early Decision (ED) is unique. While Tuck has Early Action, I have not seen applicants face the same issues of school selection and application with Tuck that I will discuss below in regards to Columbia. First keep the official statement from Columbia regarding ED in mind:

• Candidates have decided that Columbia is their first choice and must sign the following statement of commitment within their applications: I am committed to attending Columbia Business School and will withdraw all applications and decline all offers from other schools upon admission to Columbia Business School
• Applicants must submit a nonrefundable $6,000 tuition deposit within two weeks of admission.

In my experience, there are two types of applicants to ED. The first type are those people who really consider Columbia as their first choice and sometimes make or hope to make no other applications. For this type of applicant, choosing ED is easy. The second type of applicant likes Columbia, but it is not necessarily their first choice. This type of applicant applies to ED because it is perceived as easier to get admitted to than Regular Decision (RD). This type of applicant treats the $6000 deposit as an insurance policy in the event that they are not admitted to HBS, Stanford, and/or Wharton (I don't know of any cases of applicants forfeiting $6000 to go to other top programs, but suppose some one has done it). If they do get into HBS, Stanford, or Wharton and break their commitment to Columbia, they lose $6000 and make Columbia admissions mad. Can Columbia do anything aside from keeping the money? No. For those who have no problem breaking oaths and losing $6000, treating ED as possible insurance is a rational decision through clearly not an ethical one. As an admissions consultant, my sole concern is helping my clients reach their admissions objectives, so I don't pass judgment one way or another on this issue.

I do recommend the January 6th merit fellowship deadline or earlier as optimal for applying to RD. If you decide to apply for RD, apply as soon as you are ready to do so. I would especially encourage those coming from groups with large numbers of applicants (American males from Wall Street and Indian males in particular), to make their applications to RD ASAP. That said, RD takes applications until April 9, 2014, so applications are still viable for some applicants until quite late in the admissions cycle. In general, applying late in RD is best for those with highly unusual backgrounds, steller backgrounds, and a love of gambling.


The Essay Questions
Given significant changes to some of the questions, I have again had to rethink some of the strategies I used successfully with clients in the past. You find testimonials from some of them here. All questions are taken from the online application.


What is your immediate post-MBA professional goal? Required by all applicants. 100 characters including spaces!)
Take this very short statement seriously. Last year, it was 200 characters long, but it has now been cut to 100 characters. Remember this is 100 characters, not words! This would be about 20-25 words.
CBS actually provides examples of possible responses in the online application:

“After my MBA I want to join a consulting firm specializing in renewable energy and power companies.”
“I hope to work in business development for a media company that is expanding its reach in Asia. ”
“My goal is to work for an investment firm that focuses on community development projects.”
As you can see from the above examples, CBS is looking for a short, but a very clear statement of what you intend to do after your MBA. If you have difficulty explaining your immediate post-MBA plans in the space given, I think that is likely an indication that your plans are too complex, vague, or otherwise not well thought out. What you state here should be backed up by what you discuss in Essay 1 (or the reapplicant essay for reapplicants) and possibly in the other essays.

If you can be clever or catchy in formulating this response that is fine, but a completely secondary consideration to simply stating something that is very clear. Even when it was 200 characters long, being clever was not critical here, being clear was.


Be strategic and thoughtful about wanting an MBA:  Given the importance of being able to state your post-MBA goal clearly in 100 characters or less as well as the need in Essay 1 (Given your individual background, why are you pursuing a Columbia MBA at this time?) to explain why you want a Columbia MBA now, is is critical that you be strategic and thoughtful in presenting your post-MBA plans and your reasons for wanting a Columbia MBA.

If you are having problems clearly articulating your goals either in Essay 1 or in the 100 character statement,  I think Gap, SWOT, and ROI analysis are great ways for understanding what your goals are, why you want a degree, and how you will use it.


The following image may not work for all browsers. If so, see here.

(A Google Docs version of this matrix can be found at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1WobczFFLHBzQRxUeuwBRNmGQ3q-RKP_94iGHuLlXXEs/edit?usp=sharing)

Step 1. Begin by analyzing your "Present Career." What roles and responsibilities have you had in clubs, part-time jobs, internships, volunteer activities, etc.? What was/is your functional role(s)? What was/are your responsibilities?
Next, analyze your present strengths and weaknesses for succeeding in your present career. In particular, some of your greatest strengths may have been demonstrated outside of work, so make sure you are accounting for them.
Strengths: What are you good at? Where do you add value? What are you praised for? What are you proud of?
Weakness: What are you bad at? What are you criticized for? What do you try to avoid due to your own limitations? What do you fear?
Next, analyze your situation in right now. What opportunities exist for your growth and success? What threats could limit your career growth?Step 2. Now, do the same thing in Step 1 for your "Post-MBA" future after you have earned your graduate degree. If you cannot complete this step you need to do more research and need to think more about it. I frequently help clients with this issue through a process of brainstorming.
Step 3. If you could complete step 2, than you should see the "Gap" between your present and your future. What skills, knowledge, and other resources do you need to close the gap between your present and future responsibilities, strengths, and opportunities?
Step 4. After completing Step 3, you now need to determine how an MBA will add value to you. It is possible that an increased salary as a result of job change will be sufficient "ROI" for the degree to justify itself, but you should show how a degree will allow you to reach your career goals. How will the degree enhance your skills and opportunities and help you overcome your weaknesses and external threats? If you can complete Step 4, then you should be ready to explain what your goals are, why you want a degree, and the relationship between your past and future career, as well as your strengths and weaknesses.
The above table will also help you answer such common interview questions as: Where do you want to work after you finish your degree? Why do you want an MBA? What are you strengths? What are your weaknesses? What are your goals?
Be informed about your goals. Columbia Admissions needs to believe you know what you are talking about. If you are changing careers, no one expects you to be an expert, but you should come across as having a clear plan based on real research into your future. If you are planning on staying in your present industry, you should be well informed not only about the companies you have worked for, but about the industry as a whole. If you are not already doing so, read industry related publications and network.

Those August ED and RD applicants who are changing fields should most certainly read industry related publications in their intended field. Additionally I suggest conducting informational interviews with at least one peer level and one senior level person in that field. Conduct a peer level interview to get a good idea of what it would be like to actually work in that industry. Conduct a senior level interview to get the perspective of someone who can see the big picture and all the little details as well. Don't know anyone in your intended field? Network! One great way to start is through LinkedIn. Another is by making use of your undergraduate alumni network and/or career center. No matter whether you are changing fields or not, learn what is hot now and try to figure out what will be hot by the time you graduate. Now, of course, this is just a plan and chances are that what is hot in your industry or field now may very well be cold in the future. The point is to come across to Columbia Adcom as someone who is not only well informed, but has CUTTING-EDGE knowledge. In addition to Columbia's Public Offering blog, also look at ideas@work,  and The Chazen Web Journal of International Business. Some other great general sources for learning what is hot: Harvard Working Knowledge, Harvard Business Review, University of Chicago GSB's Working Papers, The University of Chicago's Capital Ideas, Stanford Social Innovation Review, Knowledge @ Wharton, and MIT Sloan Management Review. You may also want to do a search on itunes for podcasts: My favorites are Entrepreneurial Thought Leaders (from the Stanford School of Engineering, but totally relevant) Net Impact, Chicago GSB Podcast Series, and Harvard Business IdeaCast. INSEAD, IMD, LBS, and Wharton also have podcasts. Other sources: Read magazines, websites, and books that relate to your intended field.

If at the end of the above process you feel as though you are uncertain about whether you need an MBA, please see Do You Really Need an MBA?

Essay 1: Given your individual background, why are you pursuing a Columbia MBA at this time? (Maximum 500 words)
This is a completely new formulation of the why MBA question for Columbia. You will notice that it does not mention goals. Since you will have at least already stated your post-MBA goal in 100 characters, on some level that question has dispensed with. However in order to answer Essay 1 effectively you surely need to elaborate on that short-answer when explaining why you want a Columbia MBA now.

Balance Experience and Why Columbia?
Columbia is specifically asking why now in reference to your background. As result, you will need to explain “Why an MBA now?” in relationship to who you are and what you have done so far. I think it is important that you provide Columbia with insights about your background, but don’t let your explanation of your past experience crowd out answering why you need a Columbia MBA now. Given limited space you need to tell a story about your background that connects to why you want an MBA. That story is likely to primarily relate to your professional background, but your personal experience, and your motivations are also important potential justifications for why you want an MBA.
Make it personal! By moving away from the formulaic standard "What are your long and short-term goals and why do you want an MBA now from Columbia", it is clear that Columbia is emphasizing personality and why MBA in this answer, not goals and MBA. Therefore your answer to this question should not merely be a one-dimensional answer focused solely on career goals. At minimum your personal motivation should really come into play here.

The resources available at CBS and Columbia University are vast, so figure out specifically what you want from the school as you will need to discuss that. The program is flexible, so identify your needs from Columbia as specifically as possible. After all, you want to show them you love and need them For learning about what is hot at Columbia, I suggest taking a look at their blog: Public Offering. Also look at Hermes which provides news on the Columbia community. You will likely want to write about taking a Master Class. Japanese applicants should most certainly visit http://columbiamba.jimdo.com/index.php. Also see here for why Columbia students love Columbia.

While you should be explaining why you need an MBA, you need to make  sure that your reasons align well with Columbia. I suggest reviewing some of the full course descriptions that you can find on their website. You need not mention the names of particular courses as long as it would be clear to your reader that your learning needs align well with Columbia's offerings. For example, it is really a waste of word count to mention the names of particular finance courses if the main point you are simply trying to make is that you want to enhance your finance skills. Every admissions officer at Columbia is well aware of the programs major offerings.  If you have a particular interest in a more specialized course or studying with a particular professor, it might be worth mentioning it as long as it is an explanation of why you want to study the subject and not based on circular reasoning.

An example of circular (tautological) reasoning:  "I want to take Capital Markets & Investments because I am interested in learning about capital market investing."

This kind of circular reasoning is so common. Usually it takes place within a paragraph consisting of many such sentences. They actually convey nothing about the applicant.  They are just abstract needs and will have limited impact on your reader.  The admissions reader wants to learn about you, not about their own program.

An example of an explanation for why:  "While I have been exposed to finance through my work at MegaBank of Joy, I presently lack the kind of comprehensive understanding of capital market investing that I will need to succeed as an investment analyst and I know I can gain at Columbia."  A more complete explanation would include additional details about the kind of issues that the applicant is interested in learning about and/or specific ways the applicant intended to apply what he or she would learn at Columbia.  By focusing on very specific learning needs and explaining those needs in relationship to one's goals and/or past experience, the admissions reader will be learning about you.

Editing Essay 1 down to 500 words.
Chances are extremely high that when you initially write this essay (or any essay) and even when you have good working version of it going, it is likely to be well over 500 words long. Here are some suggestions for editing it down:1. Is there anything in the essay that repeats what is said in the other essays? If so, you can probably cut it out.
2. Do you find yourself needing to explain too much context about your background? If so, consider whether any of it can be explained in the Optional Essay.
3. Do you find yourself extensively name dropping? "I met with Anand Kumar (Class of 2006), Sally Johnson (Class of 2009), Taro Suzuki (Class of 2010), Anat Weinstein (Class of 2011), Mohammad Efendi (Class of 2012), and Tom Lee (Class of 2013)..." (Note all these names were made up and any relationship to actual Columbia alumni is merely coincidental). If you do, consider cutting or summarizing it. Also consider whether this can be included in the Optional Essay.
4. Do a paragraph by paragraph and then a sentence by sentence search for redundancy. When a client asks for my help in cutting words, that is what I do first.
5. Now the really hard part. You have a tight text and it is still over the word count. You have cut something "important." Prioritize your content and eliminate low priority items. Killing good sentences is never fun, but sometimes is simply necessary.


Essay 2: Columbia Business School is located in the heart of the world's business capital - Manhattan. How do you anticipate that New York City will impact your experience at Columbia? (Maximum 250 words) Please view the videos below:

New York City - limitless possibilities
New York City - fast paced and adaptable
I could make a totally cynical comment about how the focus on NYC  as Columbia's classroom here is a way to avoid the fact that their new campus will not be ready until 2017-2018, but I would not do that. Oh shit, I just did. I know the Columbia folks can take my jab, they are tough, they are New Yorkers.  Anyway everyone knows you don't go to Columbia Business School right now because of the state of the art facility, you go because of the quality of the faculty and adjunct faculty, the school's deep connections to Wall Street and all other major industries in the city, the networking opportunities, the interning opportunities, the diversity of  the CBS class, and the city of NYC.  Anyone who is considering Columbia and does not factor NYC into the equation would surely be missing a critical part of the school's value proposition. I was recently talking with a potential client who did not quite get this value proposition because he was simply fixated on the classroom.  Why classrooms play a role in selecting a school, a full-time two-year MBA program at a top American school is simply not reducible to what happens in the classroom.  I think this is especially true of Columbia. The two short videos do a nice job of illustrating Columbia's value proposition. 
In Essay 1, you are explaining why you need an MBA from Columbia now and would surely be addressing particular aspects of the MBA program in your answer. In Essay 2, you really are focused on explaining why being in NYC itself would benefit you. The reasons might relate to your professional goals, but may very well be highly personal or most likely a combination of the two. Given the length, I suggest you focus on two to three ways you anticipiate that NYC will impact your experience. An effective answer here will provide the reader with greater insight into you as a person and not what you want from NYC.  A bad answer might very consist of making a bunch of general comments about why NYC would be great, but not giving the reader into any insight about you. Keep in mind that your reader will already know about NYC, what they need to learn about is how you intend to utilize NYC as part of your Columbia MBA experience.


Essay 3: What will the people in your Cluster be pleasantly surprised to learn about you? (Maximum 250 words)

I love "SURPRISE US" questions.  Actually, one of the things I do in my initial consultations with potential clients is ask this question because it helps me understand whether the person I am talking to has really had to ever sell themselves as a person (and just for getting a job).  Unlike Columbia, I don't use it as a basis for selecting clients, but rather as way to gauge an applicant's self awareness and ability to respond spontaneously to an unexpected question.


The wording, pleasantly surprising, is really important. The topic(s) you should be positive aspects of who you are. This is an essay about how you will add value to your Cluster (If you have no idea what that is, see here). 

Good answers here are really engaging and very unique
I actually like this question quite a bit because it is a great way for applicants to highlight some really unique aspect or aspects  about themselves. The point is that it should be something that would not be obvious about you. The focus may be on something very specific that you did or something about your character. Whatever it is, it should not simply be pleasantly surprising, but also relevant in some way.  It might be something that will add value to your Cluster. If it is highly personal, it should reveal a quality or aspect to you that is not merely interesting, but also something really worth knowing.  A good answer here might involve an unusual hobby or experience, but the possibilities are endless.


Bad answers to this question will likely to do the following:

-Focus too much on action and context and not enough on providing an interpretation of oneself.
-Focus on something that is relatively obvious from your resume
-Focus on something that does not really have any clear selling points about who you are.

- Focus on something that simply is not in the least surprising and thus dull

I mention the above because I view these as typical problems I see with ineffective answers to this question. Consider the above a checklist to use when determining whether you are on the wrong track for preparing an effective answer.

Optional Essay: Is there any further information that you wish to provide the Admissions Committee? Please use this space to provide an explanation of any areas of concern in your academic record or your personal history. (Maximum 500 words)
As with other school's optional questions, do not put an obvious essay for another school here. If you read the above, it should be clear enough that this is the place to explain anything negative or potentially negative in your background. If you have no explanation for something negative, don't bother writing about it. For example if your GPA is 2.9 and you have no good explanation for why it is 2.9, don't bother writing something that looks like a lame excuse. This is more likely to hurt than help you. In the same vein, don't waste the committee's time telling them that your GMAT is a much better indicator than your GPA (the opposite is also true). They have heard it before and they will look at both scores and can draw their own conclusions without you stating the obvious. That said, if you have a good explanation for a bad GPA, you should most certainly write about it.In addition to GMAT/GRE, TOEFL, and GPA problems, other possible topics include issues related to recommendations, serious gaps in your resume, concerns related to a near total lack of extracurricular activities, and major issues in your personal/professional life that you really think the admissions office needs to know about.You can certainly write on something positive here if you think its omission will be negative for you, but before you do, ask yourself these questions:
1. If they did not ask it, do they really need to know it?
2. Will the topic I want to discuss significantly improve my overall essay set?
3. Is the topic one that would not be covered from looking at other parts of my application?
4. Is the essay likely to be read as being a specific answer for Columbia and not an obvious essay for another school?
If you can answer "Yes!" to all four questions, it might be a good topic to write about.


Reapplicants: If you have applied to Columbia Business School within the past year, you are required to answer the "What is your immediate post-MBA professional goal?" question and submit the reapplication essay. No other essays are required for reapplicants.You are considered a reapplicant if you applied:

• January 2013 Full –Time MBA
• August 2013 Full – Time MBA (either early or regular decision)
• EMBA-Americas 2013
• EMBA New York Saturday 2013
• EMBA New York Friday/Saturday 2013 (either early or regular decision)

Reapplicant Essay

How have you enhanced your candidacy since your previous application? Please detail your progress since you last applied and reiterate how you plan to achieve your immediate and long term post-MBA professional goals. (Maximum 500 words).

When judging reapplicants, Columbia makes it perfectly clear what they are expecting. See here for their criteria. Clearly this essay gives you the opportunity to:
1. Showcase what has changed since your last application that now makes you a better candidate.
2. Refine your goals. I think it is reasonable that they may have altered since your last application, but if the change is extreme, you had better explain why.
3. Make a better case for why Columbia is right for you.
For more about my many posts on reapplication, please see here.  I have helped a number of reapplicants gain admission to Columbia.


 Columbia Loves to Be Loved
One thing that is consistent about Columbia Business School is that they want to know that their school is your first choice. If you have an alumni interview you can be expected to be asked about that very directly. See here for my advice on Columbia interviews.

What Kind of MBA Do You Need?

This is the second of a three part series of posts on the overal topic of “Do you really need an MBA?” In the first post in this series, I discussed that overall question directly. I suggest reading that post,  “Do You Really an MBA,” before proceeding to the post below.

What Kind of MBA Do You Need?
Assuming you have come to the conclusion that you do need an MBA, it is worth considering what kind of MBA you need. While most of the clients I work with pursue full-time MBA programs that last from 10 months (INSEAD) to two years (Most US full-time programs), I also work with clients who apply to other types of MBA programs.  The huge range of options that exists reflects the fact that there is no one size fits all MBA. Below I have tried to consider the range of options and provide some general comments on them.

Full-time MBA programs are typically 10-24 months in length.  INSEAD at 10 months is surely the shortest top ranked MBA around. While European programs range in length from 10 months to two years, most US programs are two years long with the exceptions being the one-year programs at Cornell and Kellogg and the one and a half-year program at Columbia Business School (January-term).  All three of these US schools are better known for their two-year MBA.  Residential programs are best for those looking to be fully devoted to their studies for the purpose of skills enhancement, network development, and career change.  Internship and/or practical components play a key role in such programs as does being part of a community. Other typical motivations for attending a full-time program can simply be rather personal: A desire to be a student again, a desire to a take a break from work, the intention to balance school with family life (It is surely comm on enough for some couples to decide to have children when one or both of them is a full-time MBA student), the ability to combine study with international travel, and intellectual self discovery.  Being a full-time student is an expensive proposition for many due to both the loss of income and the high cost of tuition, but for personal and professional reasons can be well worth the cost.

Full-time MBA Dual/Joint Degree Programs are typically 2.5-3 years in length (Though this depends greatly on the other degree, an MD/MBA will take considerably longer because of the MD) and a subset of the regular full-time MBA program above. A joint degree enables the student to study some other subject. Joint degrees (Courses, at least some of them, maybe applied to completing both degrees) and dual degrees (Courses are typically only applied to one degree) allow for a huge range of specializations and the development of expertise in more than profession.  Wharton Lauder (MBA and MA in International Studies)  and Berkeley's Master’s in Business Administration (MBA) and Master’s in Public Health (MPH) are two very popular joint degree programs. Stanford GSB offers a great range of both joint and dual programs  as do a number of top schools. In the public policy area, joint and concurrent degrees with the Harvard Kennedy School of Government (KSG) are especially popular. KSG offers a joint degree with the Harvard Business School and Concurrent degrees (you are enrolled in both programs and have distinct residency requirements at both schools) with Dartmouth Tuck, Stanford GSB, Wharton, and MIT Sloan. The length of any joint/dual/concurrent degree programs as well as the cost involved is something I recommend looking into prior to application as I have worked with a few clients who only realized after they had been admitted that the additional costs involved were quite significant.

Part-time/ Evening/ Weekend MBAs offer students the opportunity to study while continuing to work full-time. Such programs can be found at MBA programs of all ranking levels, including notably such top ten schools as UC Berkeley and University of Chicago.  For example, UC Berkeley Haas offers students the opportunity to complete a regular MBA in weekend and/or evening classes in three years. University of Chicago Booth's Evening Program can be completed in 2.5-3 years. In both cases, courses are with the same faculty as the daytime two-year program. At Booth, I know that many of my former clients in the regular two-year MBA often have taken evening courses, in part because such courses are held at the downtown campus (Gleacher Center), which is closer to where many Booth students live than the main Hyde Park campus (Harper Center).  While working full-time and attending an MBA program is not for everyone, programs like Booth's and Haas' of fer a very compelling option for those who can handle the commitment and don't want to sacrifice two years of income. Based on working with applicants to both Haas’ and Booth’s programs part-time programs, these programs are quite selective though not as selective as their full-time equivalents.

Executive MBA (EMBA) full-time residential programs are typically 1-2 years in length.  These programs are primarily designed for those with 10 or more years of work experience.  Stanford Sloan Fellows, MIT Sloan Fellows, London Business School Sloan Fellows, and University of Southern California's IBEAR are surely the best known programs in this relatively small category These programs represent a particularly good option for those who are over 35 years old and are already operating at the middle to senior management level and want an experience like that of a two-year MBA, but better tailored to their age/experience bracket. Admission for both MIT Sloan and Stanford Sloan is highly selective, though comparatively easier to get into than either MIT or Stanford’s two-year MBA program.  If you are interested in any of three Sloans or IBEAR, I suggest communicating extensively with their admissions teams, which should give you a pretty go od idea about your overall level of suitability for the program.

Part-time EMBA Programs are very much like part-time MBA program in terms of weekend/evening formats, but may have significantly less course flexibility than a evening/weekend MBA program that is associated with a two-year MBA program. The ideal students fro EMBA programs tend to have 10 or more years of experience. Booth, Columbia, NYU, and Wharton are well known for their EMBAs.  Booth's EMBA, offered in Chicago, London, and Singapore is especially well designed for international students. I think it is important to keep in mind that such part-time EMBAs typically offer much more of a one-size fits all approach to their curriculum.  Depending on the program structure, there maybe no or only very limited elective course options.  Such part-time programs work best for middle to senior level managers who have the full logistical if not financial support of their employers.  Part-time EMBAs are taught in a number of different formats, vary gre atly in length, cost, and quality. Frankly, my work has been limited to handling only top ranked school's EMBAs (Booth, Columbia, NYU, Wharton), so I don't personally consider myself an expert on school selection for these programs in general. Still, I perceive most EMBAs except at the very top schools, as a buyer's market, which is to say that many if not all well qualified candidates will be admitted. If you are considering a part-time EMBA, my suggestion to shop around, consider the options carefully and don't be afraid to ask many questions to admissions staff.

Distance MBA/EMBA: Pure or almost distance-based programs (maybe a few small periods of residency are required) is an area that I have zero experience with, but merely read about.  While schools like Duke and UNC have created such programs, I simply don't get clients interested in applying to such programs, which is not necessarily a negative reflection on those programs. It is entirely possible that distance-based programs will be perceived as carrying the same weight as "regular" MBA/EMBAs, but I think the jury is still out on that one. If your location, work schedule, and/or life make attending a distance program the best option, embrace that option if you think you will get what you want out of the experience.  As educational technology gets better and better, it is surely the case that a distance-based interactive class can increasingly feel like a bricks and mortar one. Like with any MBA program or any graduate school program in general, closely consider what you hope to learn and what kind of return on investment you are anticipating. 

In the final post in this series, I will briefly look at alternatives to MBA programs.

-Adam Markus

I am a graduate admissions consultant who works with clients worldwide. If you would like to arrange an initial consultation, please complete my intake form. Please don't email me any essays, other admissions consultant's intake forms, your life story, or any long email asking for a written profile assessment. The only profiles I assess are those with people who I offer initial consultations to. Please note that initial consultations are not offered when I have reached full capacity or when I determine that I am not a good fit with an applicant.

MBA Applicant Survey Reminder: You can still win one of three $100 VISA gift cards!

MBA Applicant Survey Reminder: You can still win one of three $100 VISA gift cards!

Last week, we launched our survey of people interested in pursuing an MBA. Many have already participated, but we still need to hear from you. We would greatly appreciate it if you would share your thoughts with us.

The survey should take no more than 10 minutes to complete. Please complete it by May 15^th, 2013. Everyone completing the survey will be entered to win one of three VISA gift cards (contact email will be used for prize purposes only).  We'll also be sharing the results of the survey this spring to help candidates better understand the nature of today's applicant pool.

Click here to take our MBA prospect survey.

-Adam Markus

I am a graduate admissions consultant who works with clients worldwide. If you would like to arrange an initial consultation, please complete my intake form. Please don't email me any essays, other admissions consultant's intake forms, your life story, or any long email asking for a written profile assessment. The only profiles I assess are those with people who I offer initial consultations to. Please note that initial consultations are not offered when I have reached full capacity or when I determine that I am not a good fit with an applicant.

Do You Really Need an MBA?

In this post, I offer some advice for those considering applying to MBA programs. In the second post in this series, I discuss the different types of MBA programs.

I am not in the business of telling anyone that they need an MBA, only in helping committed applicants get into MBA programs. Frankly, I think one of my strengths as an MBA admissions consultant is that I am neutral about this question. I don’t believe that an MBA or any particular graduate degree is always worthwhile or even necessarily the best option for everyone looking to make a positive change in their careers and/or life in general. 

If someone says to me, “Should I get an MBA?” my response usually goes like this: “I can’t answer that question for you, but here are some questions you need to ask yourself.”

If you obtained an MBA, how would it impact you both personally and professionally? This is a rather general question, but one you can expect to need to answer in your application essays and interviews, so even if you are certain you want an MBA, you need to answer this question.  If you can't explain what the impact of an MBA would be on your career, you clearly need to learn more about programs and the typical outcomes that can be expected from attending them. You then need to relate those outcomes to your own situation.  On a personal level, do you hope that attending an MBA will have a positive impact on things like your sense of self-confidence, your range of life opportunities, worldview, and personal network?

Why do your professional goals require an MBA? Not all careers benefit from an MBA. If you have clear professional goals, an MBA may be an almost absolute necessity or relatively useless. Talking with senior people in your field, headhunters in your industry, and even looking at job postings can help you better understand the value of an MBA. If you are fundamentally uncertain about what you want to do, you might want to consider talking with a career counselor or even a life coach.

Do you really want to spend one to two years back in school for a full-time MBA? If your answer is that you don't, an MBA might still be a good choice for you, just not a full-time residential program.  I  will discuss other forms of MBA delivery in my next post.

How will you pay for an MBA? The costs involved in doing an MBA can be huge, so the financing of a degree is something that you need to look into.  Consider how much savings you have, other potential sources of support (Your employer, your family), and scholarships.  After looking into the cost of programs, put together an actual plan for how you would pay for an MBA. If you can't imagine paying for an MBA, you should talk with admissions offices to determine whether an MBA is really out of reach for your or not.   It is easy for anyone to say that you should not let financial considerations undermine your opportunities, but in some cases an MBA is really not a viable option because of the costs involved.  In such situations, you need to find alternatives (I’ll discuss such alternatives in my next post).

Have you calculated the ROI?  Calculating the expected Return On Investment is one very economically rational way to determine whether you need an MBA.  Calculating the expected Return On Investment is one very economically rational way to determine whether you need an MBA.   Forbes has an MBA calculator on its site, which will help you for calculating ROI for US fulltime MBA programs: http://www.forbes.com/static_html/bschool/bschool_calc.shtml.  Another calculator, which can be used for measuring the ROI can be found at http://www.mba360.com/mba-salary.html.  A 2011 article in Poets & Quants looked closely at ROI, see http://poetsandquants.com/2011/01/07/is-an-elite-mba-degree-worth-the-cost/.  ROI is just one way of measuring whe ther an MBA is worth doing and it can be misleading. For example, it can't take career and/or geographic change into consideration. Also consider that the higher your present salary, the lower your ROI will appear if the calculation is based on average post-MBA salary at the school you are considering applying to.   Finally, be highly suspicious about reported post-MBA salary numbers, especially if they are based on student self-reported data or come from programs where pre-MBA salary is relatively low.  Finally, with any investment past average performance is merely that, what happens with the average candidate and based on what happened in the past.


Have you really thought about the opportunity cost involved, not only in money, but in time? The opportunity cost of an MBA is not just in money, but in time.  The application process itself can be very time-consuming. I know some applicants who struggle with test preparation for up to two years before they are even ready to apply, but I also know applicants who sit for the GMAT once and find the whole thing rather easy.  The same applies to making applications.  I work with many clients who only apply to 1-2 schools, many who apply to 3-6 schools, and some who apply to 8-12 schools.  The time involved in the application process is thus highly variable.  Then consider the time you will be doing the MBA as well. Is doing an MBA the best use of your time?


Are you ready to commit yourself to the application process? The MBA application process can be particularly grueling if you are applying to programs that even moderately difficult to enter. You should expect to use a great deal of your time outside of work for doing applications.  Many applicants find that they have to put some if not all of their hobbies and social life on hold while doing their applications. If you plan well and start early, this is likely to be a less of problem.


Are you sure this is the right degree for you?  For some people, it is obvious an MBA is the right degree, but for others not necessarily.  You might very well want to go back to school, but carefully what you want to study and what you want to do. In my next post I’ll discuss some graduate degree alternatives.

Have you thought about more specialized degrees or training?  Sometimes more specialized training, like CFA or CPA, simply makes more sense. Carefully consider whether professional certification will get you want.

How much do you know about MBA programs?
 Even if you are certain that you want an MBA, if you don't know much about programs, keep an open mind.  I would recommend that all applicants learn about programs by visiting schools, attending information sessions, reading websites/blogs, and talking with alumni and current students.  If you do a bit of investigation, you will be making a more informed choice. If you decide to apply, you need to take these investigatory steps anyway, so I highly recommend doing so as  early as possible in your admissions process.


You need to answer the questions above because doing so will help you assess whether you really need an MBA. Additionally, once you have answered them, you will have a good initial basis for handling MBA essays and interviews. If you are not satisfied with your own answers to these questions, you need to think more deeply and do more research. 

People who take the time to fully consider their options are more likely to make the right decision. If they decide to pursue an MBA, they do it from a position of strength, based on both knowledge of what an MBA can do for you and self-awareness that it is the right way for you to move forward.

In the next post in this series, I discuss the types of MBA programs because not everyone should or can attend a typical one to two year residential full-time MBA program.

-Adam Markus

I am a graduate admissions consultant who works with clients worldwide. If you would like to arrange an initial consultation, please complete my intake form. Please don't email me any essays, other admissions consultant's intake forms, your life story, or any long email asking for a written profile assessment. The only profiles I assess are those with people who I offer initial consultations to. Please note that initial consultations are not offered when I have reached full capacity or when I determine that I am not a good fit with an applicant.